目的 研究颅脑在高原环境中爆炸冲击波作用下的压力动态响应及海拔高度影响规律。方法 基于S-ALE方法构建高海拔下空气/炸药和头部流固耦合作用模型,通过与实验结果和经验公式对比验证其有效性,并深入分析炸药当量与海拔高度对冲击波传播特征、冲击波与头部耦合作用机制及脑组织压力分布的影响规律。结果 前额区域因反射增强和颅骨衰减效应使冲击波超压呈梯度分布特征,具体表现为反射超压最高,额叶超压次之,入射超压最低,其中额叶区为脑损伤的高风险区域。当量增加与冲击波参数呈正相关增长,颅骨对压力波的衰减率达到52%~58%。100 g TNT在1 m爆距处爆炸,额叶区域可引发中度损伤。海拔升高（0~4 000 m）使50 g TNT在1 m爆距处冲击波到达时间缩短7.9%,超压峰值降低17.5%,正压作用时间延长7.1%。此外,额叶压力峰值随海拔递减（50 g TNT,0 m：105.5 kPa→4 000 m：92.8 kPa）。结论 正面冲击额叶区为爆炸致伤敏感区域,当量增加直接强化冲击波损伤效应。随着海拔高度的升高,冲击波的超压峰值降低,正压作用时间延长,导致额叶压力峰值降低,但应注意高原低氧环境引发的血氧饱和度下降及血脑屏障变薄可能加剧脑组织损伤效应。
Abstract
The work aims to study the dynamic response of the pressure of the cranial explosion shock wave and the influence of altitude in the plateau environment. Based on the S-ALE method, a fluid-structure interaction model of air/explosives and head at high altitude was constructed, and its effectiveness was verified by comparing with experimental results and empirical formulas, and the influence of explosive equivalent and altitude on the propagation characteristics of shock wave, the coupling mechanism between shock wave and head and the pressure distribution of brain tissue was deeply analyzed. The prefrontal region was characterized by the gradient distribution of shock wave overpressure due to the enhanced reflex and skull attenuation effect, which was manifested as the highest reflex overpressure, followed by the frontal lobe overpressure, and the lowest incident overpressure, among which the frontal lobe area was the high-risk area of brain injury. The increase of equivalent was positively correlated with the shock wave parameters, and the attenuation rate of the skull to the pressure wave reached 52%-58%, and the explosion of 100 g of TNT at a detonation distance of 1 m could cause moderate damage in the frontal lobe region. The increase in altitude (0 m to 4 000 m) shortened the arrival time of the shock wave at a detonation distance of 1 m by 7.9%, the peak overpressure by 17.5%, and the positive pressure action time by 7.1%. In addition, the peak frontal lobe pressure decreased with altitude (50 gTNT, 0 m: 105.5 kPa→ 4 000 m: 92.8 kPa). In conclusion, the frontal lobe area of frontal impact is a sensitive area caused by explosion, and the increase of equivalent directly strengthens the damage effect of shock wave. With the increase of altitude, the peak overpressure of the shock wave decreases, and the duration of positive pressure is prolonged, resulting in a decrease in the peak pressure of the frontal lobe, but it should be noted that the decrease in oxygen saturation and the thinning of the blood-brain barrier caused by the hypoxic environment at the plateau may exacerbate the brain tissue injury effect.
关键词
高原环境 /
海拔效应 /
颅脑损伤 /
爆炸冲击波 /
头部有限元模型 /
冲击波致脑损伤
Key words
plateau environment /
altitude effects /
cranial injury /
explosive shock wave /
finite element model of head /
blast-included traumatic brain injury
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基金
瞬态冲击全国重点实验室基金（6142606242105）
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