目的 针对某小口径自动步枪低温寿命试验过程中出现的击针断裂现象,开展击针冲击疲劳失效分析,并提出击针设计建议。方法 通过对低温寿命试验过程中出现的断裂失效击针进行宏观观察与微观分析,同时对击针材料进行常温与低温条件下的性能测试实验,明确击针零件及对应材料在低温环境下的失效机理及性能变化规律。结果 性能测试实验结果表明,击针材料在低温环境下具有更高的抗拉强度以及低周疲劳寿命,其冲击韧性有明显降低。通过对击针表面及断口的观察,发现击针的尖部表面比较粗糙,可见规则平行的环向沟痕。击针材料在低温环境下的抗拉强度与拉压低周疲劳寿命呈正相关,其冲击韧性较常温降低29.3%,且与实际工况的冲击疲劳寿命呈正相关。同时击针零件表面加工精度较低,存在应力集中,加速裂纹扩展,影响了击针寿命。结论 针对需要长期在低温环境下服役的枪械,其击针材料建议选用在保证常温强度的情况下,具有较高的低温冲击韧性的材料,以保证枪械的击发可靠性。
Abstract
The work aims to investigate the fracture failure of firing pins observed during low-temperature endurance testing of small-caliber automatic rifles, conduct impact fatigue failure analysis, and propose design improvements for firing pins. Macroscopic and microscopic examinations were performed on fractured firing pins from low-temperature testing. Additionally, mechanical property tests were conducted on the firing pin material under both ambient and low-temperature conditions to determine the failure mechanisms and performance characteristics in low-temperature environments. Material testing revealed that the firing pins exhibited higher tensile strength and improved low-cycle fatigue life at low temperature, while its impact toughness decreased significantly. Surface and fracture analysis showed that the firing pin tip had a rough surface with distinct parallel circumferential grooves. The study demonstrated a positive correlation between the firing pin material's tensile strength and low-cycle fatigue life under low-temperature conditions. However, impact toughness decreased by 29.3 % compared with that under ambient temperature, while maintaining a positive correlation with impact fatigue life. The observed surface roughness and machining imperfections created stress concentrations that accelerated crack propagation, reducing service life. In conclusion, for firearms operating in sustained low-temperature environments, it is recommended to select firing pin materials that maintain adequate ambient-temperature strength while exhibiting superior low-temperature impact toughness to ensure reliable ignition performance.
关键词
低温环境 /
枪械零件 /
击针断裂 /
冲击疲劳 /
材料性能 /
失效分析
Key words
low temperature environment /
firearm parts /
fractured firing pin /
impact fatigue /
material properties /
failure analysis
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