聚焦常规铺装跑道的表层污染工况,梳理了轮胎-污染物-跑道界面作用、飞机起降地面动力学、摩擦测量与制动性能评估方法,比较了飞机试验与运行数据分析、地面摩擦测试、经验或半经验模型、解析轮胎模型及有限元等数值方法的适用范围与局限,并归纳了跑道状况评估矩阵、全球报告格式及相关运行规则的发展趋势。综合分析表明,现有方法分别适用于界面机理、轮胎力生成、飞机级性能预测和运行评估等不同层级,但不同尺度模型之间仍缺少可靠的参数传递和验证关系。污染跑道评估正在由单一摩擦测量转向结构化跑道状态通报、机型性能计算和运行反馈相结合的综合评估模式,跑道摩擦系数μ可用于表征道面状态,但不能直接等同于飞机实际刹车摩擦系数μB。未来应加强对三相耦合机理和μ-μB映射关系的研究,推进低附着条件下防滑控制技术研究、起飞-中断起飞-着陆一体化性能评估及本土化运行数据库建设。
Abstract
Focusing on surface contamination of conventional paved runways, the work aims to summarize tire-contaminant-runway interactions, aircraft takeoff and landing ground dynamics, friction measurement, and braking-performance assessment, compare the applicability and limitations of aircraft tests and operational data analysis, ground friction testing, empirical or semi-empirical models, analytical tire models, and numerical methods such as finite element analysis and review the development of the runway condition assessment matrix, the global reporting format, and related operational regulations. Existing methods address different levels of the problem, including interfacial mechanisms, tire-force generation, aircraft-level performance prediction, and operational assessment. However, reliable pathways for parameter transfer and validation among models at different scales remain lacking. Contaminated runway assessment is shifting from reliance on a single friction measurement toward an integrated framework that combines structured runway-condition reporting, aircraft-specific performance calculations, and operational feedback. The runway friction coefficient μ can characterize runway surface conditions but cannot be directly equated with the actual aircraft braking friction coefficient μB. Future research should strengthen studies on three-phase coupling mechanisms and μ-μB mapping, advance researches on anti-skid control technologies under low-adhesion conditions and integrated performance assessment covering takeoff, rejected takeoff, and landing, and promote the development of localized operational databases.
关键词
污染跑道 /
冰雪 /
雪浆 /
积水 /
飞机地面动力学 /
刹车摩擦系数 /
运行评估
Key words
contaminated runway /
ice and snow /
slush /
standing water /
aircraft ground dynamics /
braking friction coefficient /
operational assessment
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