目的 为零部件焊接接头的可靠性评估提供理论依据。方法 选取焊条电弧焊、气体保护电弧焊和埋弧焊3种典型焊接方法,并采用Q550D与Q690D这2种典型母材钢号,制备6种不同的焊接接头。首先进行拉伸试验以测定抗拉强度,随后分别以抗拉强度的80%、70%、60%作为最大应力开展疲劳试验,获得6种焊接接头的S-N曲线,从而对其疲劳性能进行定量对比分析。还利用扫描电子显微镜观察断口微观形貌,以分析其失效机理。结果 气体保护电弧焊焊接接头展现出最高的抗拉强度,但塑性变形量最小。焊条电弧焊与埋弧焊的抗拉强度相对较低,而塑性变形量则较大。当母材钢号为Q550D时,气体保护电弧焊焊接接头的疲劳寿命最长,焊条电弧焊与埋弧焊的接头疲劳寿命相对较短。母材为Q690D时,在低周疲劳区域,气体保护电弧焊接头的疲劳寿命超过焊条电弧焊,而在高周疲劳区域则相反,埋弧焊焊接接头的疲劳寿命始终最低。当母材钢号由Q550D变为Q690D时,焊条电弧焊的疲劳寿命变长,气体保护电弧焊的疲劳寿命变短,埋弧焊在高周区域疲劳寿命变长,在低周区域则变短。结论 尺寸较小且深度较浅的韧窝结构赋予材料较高的抗拉强度,但同时也导致较小的塑性变形量。抗拉强度的提升利于延长疲劳寿命,而塑性性能的劣化则会缩减疲劳寿命,二者相互竞争。
Abstract
The work aims to provide a theoretical basis for the reliability assessment of welded joints in components. Three typical welding processes, including shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), gas metal arc welding (GMAW), and submerged arc welding (SAW) were selected, along with two typical base metal grades, Q550D and Q690D, to prepare six different types of welded joints. Tensile tests were first conducted to determine the tensile strength. Subsequently, fatigue tests were carried out with 80%, 70%, and 60% of the tensile strength as the maximum stress levels to obtain the S-N curves for the six welded joints, enabling a quantitative comparative analysis of their fatigue performance. Additionally, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilized to observe the fracture microstructures and analyze the failure mechanisms. The GMAW welded joints exhibited the highest tensile strength but the smallest plastic deformation. In contrast, SMAW and SAW welded joints had relatively lower tensile strengths but larger plastic deformations. When the base metal grade was Q550D, the GMAW welded joints demonstrated the longest fatigue life, while SMAW and SAW welded joints had relatively shorter fatigue lives. For Q690D base metal, in the low-cycle fatigue region, the fatigue life of GMAW welded joints exceeded that of SMAW, whereas the opposite phenomenon was observed in the high-cycle fatigue region. The SAW welded joints consistently exhibited the lowest fatigue life. When the base metal grade was changed from Q550D to Q690D, the fatigue life of SMAW increased, while that of GMAW decreased. For SAW, the fatigue life increased in the high-cycle region but decreased in the low-cycle region. A dimpled structure with smaller and shallower dimples confers higher tensile strength to the material but also results in smaller plastic deformation. An increase in tensile strength contributes to prolonged fatigue life, whereas degradation in plastic performance reduces fatigue life, with these two factors competing against each other.
关键词
焊接接头 /
抗拉强度 /
疲劳寿命 /
工艺影响 /
焊条电弧焊 /
气体保护电弧焊 /
埋弧焊
Key words
welded joint /
tensile strength /
fatigue life /
process effect /
shielded metal arc welding /
gas metal arc welding /
submerged arc welding
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基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目（52177189）; 京津冀基础研究合作专项（24JCZXJC00130）
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