Effects of Multiple Parameters on Internal Ballistic Characteristics: Gun-Bullet-Ammunition

SHANG Yongjie; WEI Zhifang; ZHANG Kebin; ZHANG Shuxia; LIANG Jingguo; SHI Yukun

doi:10.7643/issn.1672-9242.2026.04.004

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Equipment Environmental Engineering ›› 2026, Vol. 23 ›› Issue (4) : 30-39. DOI: 10.7643/issn.1672-9242.2026.04.004

Weapons Equipment

Effects of Multiple Parameters on Internal Ballistic Characteristics: Gun-Bullet-Ammunition

SHANG Yongjie¹, WEI Zhifang^1,*, ZHANG Kebin¹, ZHANG Shuxia¹, LIANG Jingguo², SHI Yukun³

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Abstract

The work aims to quantitatively analyze the influence laws of different firing conditions, shell parameters, and charge states on the internal ballistic characteristics of small-bore bullets. Multiple sets of variables, including firing parameters, shell conditions, and charge states, were systematically adjusted from the three aspects of guns, bullets, and ammunition. An internal ballistic test device centered on an improved pressure-measuring ballistic gun was designed, and internal ballistic performance tests were conducted to obtain the change laws of internal ballistic characteristic parameters, such as action time in the chamber and maximum chamber pressure, under different parameters. Compared with standard working conditions, when the propellant charge was reduced to 1/3, the average action time in the chamber surged by 182.7%, while the average maximum chamber pressure plummeted by 77.3%. After the propellant was moistened, the action time in the chamber and the maximum chamber pressure became 116% and 71% of those in the normal state, respectively. When the ambient temperature decreased to -45 ℃, the action time in the chamber increased by 12.5%, and the maximum chamber pressure decreased by 7.5%. In conclusion, the charge state, including the propellant amount, the propellant moisture status, and the ambient temperature, is the dominant factor affecting the internal ballistic performance, and its influence exceeds that of the firing parameters and shell conditions. The research results quantify the influence of different factors and provide an experimental basis for studying failure mechanisms such as hangfire.

Key words

small-bore bullet / action time in chamber / maximum chamber pressure / experimental research / hangfire / ballistic gun

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SHANG Yongjie, WEI Zhifang, ZHANG Kebin, ZHANG Shuxia, LIANG Jingguo, SHI Yukun. Effects of Multiple Parameters on Internal Ballistic Characteristics: Gun-Bullet-Ammunition[J]. Equipment Environmental Engineering. 2026, 23(4): 30-39 https://doi.org/10.7643/issn.1672-9242.2026.04.004

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Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China (12402468); State-funded Postdoctoral Researcher Programme (GZB20250003); Shanxi Provincial Basic Research Programme (202403021222158)